PDF Ebook From Jesus to Christ: The Origins of the New Testament Images of Christ, Second Edition, by Paula Fredriksen
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From Jesus to Christ: The Origins of the New Testament Images of Christ, Second Edition, by Paula Fredriksen
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Review
"Fredriksen has achieved a magisterial sketch of the evolution of the images of Jesus with astonishing neatness and simplicity. . . . A learned, brilliant and enjoyable study of the genesis of the New Testament images of Jesus."―Géza Vermès, Times Literary Supplement "Fredriksen takes on a formidable task—explaining how the Jesus of history became the Christ of the Bible—and succeeds admirably. . . . Despite the complexities of her arguments, Fredriksen writes in a well-organized, thoughtful manner. Those interested in the early Christian movement will find this study illuminating."—Booklist"Fredriksen confronts her documents―principally the writings of the new Testament―as an archaeologist would an especially rich complex site. With great care she distinguishes the literary images from historical fact. As she does so, she explains the images of Jesus in terms of the strategies and purposes of the writers Paul, Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John."―Thomas D'Evelyn, Christian Science Monitor"I can tell you what I liked about it: its sense of scholarship and a becoming intellectual modesty; its strong sensitivity to the Jewish matrix out of which Jesus emerged; and the care with which she made this work accessible to the general reader. She not only writes well but supplies us with bibliographies, suggested readings, indices of both the scriptures and of ancient sources in addition to a thorough general index of names and subjects. It is always a pleasure to open a book which keeps the reader's needs so firmly in mind."―Lawrence S. Cunningham, Commonweal"The key to her success in this endeavor is a careful study of the origins of the New Testament images of Jesus. The methodology is straightforward: to place the various canonical images of Jesus within their historical context, which is the religious world of first- and second-century Mediterranean civilization."―Choice"An extraordinary range of difficult problems of New Testament interpretation are tackled, weighed judiciously, and deftly integrated into an argument that is clear, urbane, and interesting. . . . Few topics are more intractable than the historical Jesus and New Testament christology. To marry them in one delightfully provocative work requires a learned scholar and gifted teacher. Paula Fredriksen is both, and this is such a book."—C. Clifton Black II, Theology Today"What makes [this book] especially compelling is that it shows how early Christians took history and God's intervention in it seriously. According to Fredriksen, the variety of New Testament images of Jesus attests to that fact as they recount the meeting of faith and history in the first two centuries of the common era. Her reconstruction of the process by which Christianity moved from Jesus to Christ is exciting and plausible."―Alan C. Mitchell, Theological Studies"Here is an interesting perspective on Jesus in the new testament. . . . This is a serious look at Jesus using a different perspective, making for challenging and rewarding study."―Kevin Barron, SSC Booknews "With regard to the sources, the period, the historical Jesus and the origins of Christology she has sound overall views, and when she gives closer analysis she is usually dead on target. . . . This is an excellent book. But she also writes concisely, gracefully and trenchantly. This means that the book should be read by one and all. It is one of the best possible books to recommend to undergraduates, but advanced students and established scholars can learn from it well. . . . The book is a splendid achievement."―E. P. Sanders, Journal of Jewish Studies"Fredriksen offers the scholar and the layperson alike a documentary album with various images of Jesus. . . . Of special interest is her approach to the New Testament documents or her arrangement of the emerging images. . . . Fredriksen casts some fascinating light on the images of Jesus as seen through the eyes of Paul and the Evangelists. However, what is really illuminating is the way she reconstructs these images in light of the historical realities of the time. She retraces these images with great patience and thoroughness and provides the background out of which they grew and against which they were held. . . . Readers of this book . . . will come to recognize a distinguished author who has much to add to their understanding of Jesus."―Abraham Terian, Interpretations: A Journal of Bible and Theology"Fredriksen's book serves the general reader as an introduction to basic issues in the general reader as an introduction to basic issues in the large and ever-growing field of Christology, and that is its main purpose. But in her book Fredriksen probes issues with skill and insight, giving a new twist here and there, from which specialists also can profit."―Arland J. Hultgren, American Historical Review"The book is extremely thought-provoking."―Michael Dimaio, Jr., Classical World"This book addresses the question of how the individual who was Jesus and born in Nazareth, became the various versions of Christ in the Christian tradition. It is well written, aimed at the non-specialist and describes the Hellenistic world within which the Christ image was developed, the constructions put on it by the gospels, the force of the break with Judaism and the influence of the Churches. This is done in a scholarly and readable way."―David Jones, Self and Society"Brilliant and lucidly written."―Reginald H. Fuller, Journal of the American Academy of Religion"Interesting and valuable. . . . This is a first-rate work of a first-rate historian, both unfortunately rare in studies of the historical Jesus or images thereof."―James D. Tabor, Journal of Religion"This extraordinarily well-written and exciting book is a reconception of the causes and motivations operative in the early Christian movement, a new rationale of the sequence of probable events. It will be fascinating for all kinds of readers."—Wayne Meeks
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About the Author
Paula Fredriksen, the Aurelio Professor of Scripture at Boston University, is the author of Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews, which won the 1999 National Jewish Book Award. She served as historical consultant and featured speaker on the PBS Frontline series “From Jesus to Christ: The First Christians.â€
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Product details
Paperback: 288 pages
Publisher: Yale University Press; 2nd edition (July 11, 2000)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 0300084579
ISBN-13: 978-0300084573
Product Dimensions:
5 x 0.6 x 7.6 inches
Shipping Weight: 7.8 ounces (View shipping rates and policies)
Average Customer Review:
4.0 out of 5 stars
51 customer reviews
Amazon Best Sellers Rank:
#455,301 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
If you are interested in where Christianity came from - not a theological perspective but an historical one - this is an absolutely excellent place to start. Though the text assumes a fair amount of knowledge, it is a solid platform for a popular audience that is curious about what academics would make of the subject. The author is very clear that the book is not intended as a way to reinforce one's faith, but strives to provide a deep look at what the earliest sources of Christianity meant in context as they were formulated.The earliest source of Jesus was of course Judaism. It had a rigidly monotheistic character, whereby one God was the source of all, an absolute authority that admitted no rivals and accepted no deviation from the sacred texts, though there were many interpretations of what it meant. The people were "chosen" - in a contract with God - which was more an obligation than a privilege and certainly not any kind of anointment. There was also a sense of community that gathered in the synagogue, along with an ethical code of behavior that was expressed in strict laws (e.g. circumcision, a ban on shellfish, etc.). There was also a clear sense of nationhood, whereby the scattered groups or tribes would be reunited at a moment of apocalyptic resolution. Key to this was a messiah of some sort that was prophesized as the culmination of an escatological event, when God reveal himself to reign over Jews and chosen gentiles, an end time of paradise on earth. It was from this context that many putative prophets arose in Palestine, Jesus being one of them.Starting with the Seleucids who were installed by Alexander the Great and culminating in the Roman occupation, the Jews lived in a Hellenized world. This represents the second source. In contrast to Monotheism, this was an eclectic worldview, a confluence of multiple deities (each with their own, highly adaptable and accepting legitimacy), local religious cults and traditions with deep roots, philosophies (in particular Platonism, with its idealist world of constants), and a notion of citizenship that could be inclusive so long as one adapted to the culture and its lingua franca, Greek. It was in this cosmopolitan world that Paul and Josephus - born Jews and gaining Roman citizenship - came from. Writing in Greek, Paul introduced the notion of "Christ" in the case of Jesus, establishing him as the anointed son of God. If Heaven hadn't arrived, Paul preached, it would with Jesus' second coming - his resurrection proved that he was the son of God, etc., creating a new kind of contract for his followers in order to achieve immortality, etc.It is at this point that the book gets technical, going through Paul's letters and the original gospels and developing interpretive proofs for what each meant at their conceptions and what impact they had on the evolution of Christianity. This can be dry and terse, but it is completely worthwhile to struggle through it. As Fredrickson makes clear, little is known of Jesus' life. His message may have been a simple apocalyptic one or the one of peace, love, and empathy that Paul described. We will never know. Jesus had his followers among the Jews, but they diminished in number when his prophesy didn't turn out to be true - heaven didn't arrive at his death and resurrection, i.e. the contract with him was proved void. The destruction of the temple of Jerusalem in 70 CE apparently saw the end of the last group of his Jewish followers, though their exact fate is unknown.According to Fredrickson, Paul's theology was addressed to both Jews and gentiles, creating a kind of bridge that removed much of the specificity of Jewish law in order to make Christianity exportable quickly. After all, he expected the apocalypse to occur imminently, so wished to bring along as many gentiles as he could. Appearing after the destruction of Jerusalem and the dispersion of the Jews (who stubbornly did not die out), the later gospels gradually distanced themselves further and further from Judaism: Jesus did not want the Jews (Mark); Jews didn't understand prophesy so were unable to accept Jesus (Matthew); Jews didn't want to associate with gentiles (Luke); Jews were never meant to receive revelation, hence were not of God (John). From ignorance as the cause of their rejection, Jews became the perpetrators of Jesus' persecution, etc. (This cannot do justice to the subtlety of her arguments, but that is it in a nutshell.) Christianity thus became the province of the gentiles; the Jews became evil, at least to some.Nonetheless, as Fredrickson fascinatingly demonstrates, Christianity synthesized Judaic and Hellenistic traditions. While shedding the notions of nation and exclusion and strict "laws", Christianity retained the fellowship, monotheistic authority, sacred texts, ethical mission, and faith in apocalyptic prophesy. It was a new kind of contract, but similar. Fredrickson covers many related historical controversies, such as who was responsible for the crucifiction - she concludes it was the Romans as it was a Roman form of execution, probably because Jesus was regarded as a political figure who called himself "king". These issues are absolutely fascinating and too numerous to catalogue here.Recommended warmly. This book is a true intellectual adventure. I would have liked a lot more on Hellenism and fewer proofs perhaps, but the book held my interest throughout.
Ms. Fredriksen writes beautifully and clearly. She will help you understand why the Gospel writers and Paul portray Jesus in the ways they do, as well as how Mark, Mathew, Luke and John tried to help explain to their communities (through their Gospels) why the Jews were not converting to the new faith in the numbers that the Gentiles were, and, why the imminent arrival of Christ's second coming, and God's Kingdom on Earth, were taking so long to arrive.In order to understand her analysis and insights, though, the book must be read carefully. To her inestimable credit, Ms. Fredriksen carries you through each step of her thinking. Yet, even with her help, I was still challenged enough in my understanding of certain ideas to feel I could profitably read this book again someday.
A good book if you are looking for a balanced and scholarly view of the development of early Christianity. The influence of Hellenistic and Jewish traditions on the development of Christianity, coupled with the "deferral" of the secon coming - which was viewed as imminent by Paul and the original disciples - led to the ongoing adaptation of early Christianity to unanticipated fact patterns, and the development of a Christology that is both Jewish and Hellenistic. Exploring the development of Christology from the Pauline letters (the oldest elements of the New Testament), through the Gospels of Mark, Luke, Matthew and Lohn (the latest), we see an emerging complex Christology that attempts to explain the lack of an immediate second coming. If you are Biblically fundamentalist, this book will seem heretical. However, it's well written and researched, and represents a scholarly exploration to the development of early Christology.
For the average reader of the Gospels, he or she assumes that the Gospels present a coherent message. Fredriksen demonstrates that notion to be false. All four writers lived in different time frames different audiences, and different agendas. Thus, we get four faces of Jesus. Basic to all four was antipathy toward Judaism. A very interesting book.
This volume, written in 1988, addresses the origins of the image (or more correctly "images") of Jesus of Nazareth as the "Christ", or annointed one, in the earliest years of Christianity, and against the backdrop of a Hellenised culture of Palestine. It's a very scholarly book, and not for a casual reader. Noting the contradictions and inconsistencies from one Gospel to the next, it certainly isn't for anyone hewing to an absolute, literal interpretation of the Bible. Well written. JAT
I enjoyed this book. It is a little heavy going at times, of course it is written by an academic. It could serve as a text, I think. But that was fine with me. It has all the detail you'd ever want and I have plenty of time to sift through it.
Wish the print was a little bigger. Takes concentration to read it, like her Augustine and the Jews. She's a brilliant historian. I love her Jewish perspective and insights. Not for the casual reader but well worth reading. Make it a time of study for yourself and not just a read through. The info is all in the book.
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