Free PDF , by Amartya Sen Amartya Kumar Sen
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, by Amartya Sen Amartya Kumar Sen
Free PDF , by Amartya Sen Amartya Kumar Sen
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Product details
File Size: 2244 KB
Print Length: 385 pages
Publisher: Anchor; Reprint edition (May 25, 2011)
Publication Date: May 25, 2011
Sold by: Random House LLC
Language: English
ASIN: B000SEFLIY
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In Development as Freedom, Amartya Sen tells us that the process of development is best understood as expansion of the freedoms that people enjoy in five spheres: political, economic, social, transparency (in the sense that important information is available to the public), and personal security. Each of these types of freedoms reinforce one another and contribute to outcomes such as higher incomes, better health, and longevity. Sen quotes Peter Bauer, an iconoclast in the development field, as saying that "I regard the extension of the range of choice, that is, an increase in the range of effective alternatives open to the people, as the principle objective and criterion of economic development; and I judge a measure principally by its probable effects on the range of alternatives open to individuals."Sen points out that markets are not simply a means to an end but rather a fundamental freedom. All people want to enter into exchanges with others, and this is how people everywhere behave unless they are prevented from doing so. Sen shows that markets are not an expression of rapacious self-interest but rather are dependent on virtues such as trust and rectitude. Seen in this light, market exchanges are an expression of deep human needs. Yet Sen realizes that markets have limitations and he argues for non-market decisions to optimally provide for education, health care, protection of the environment, and prevention of the grossest inequalities in income distribution.As an illustration of the interrelationships between the different types of freedoms, and between these freedoms and economic outcomes, Sen explains the Asian economic crises of the late 1990s as partly a result of a lack of transparency: that is, a lack of public participation in reviewing financial and business arrangements. Had they been able to, members of the public likely would have demanded greater transparency and the crises might have been averted; however, authoritarian political arrangements prevented effective demands for transparency. And, once the crises struck, the response of governments in the region was inadequate. Had these governments been democratically accountable, they would have responded more quickly and forcefully to boost employment and otherwise cushion the impact of the crises on the poorest members of their societies.Sen, the winner of the 1998 Nobel Prize in economic science, has aimed this work at a general audience. For specialists, though, the book offers an extended discussion of methodological issues introduced by Sen's view of development as freedom, more than 50 pages of end notes, and an index of names and subjects. This book will be an adventure for readers interested in the greatest problem us at the outset of the 21st century: how can the poorest people in the world live better lives?
Development as Freedom is one of the most well written books on the value of freedom in society. It touches upon the values economists should emphasize (and often don't) and the errors made in the name of paternalism and a state that lead economic life. It is a book to be added to the likes of The Road to Serfdom (Hayek) and Capitalism and Freedom (Friedman). For such important and clear thinking Sen is worth the Nobel prize.In terms of economics, Sen makes the clear case that it is freedom and not wealth that should be maximized. He defines a freedom as anything we have a reason to value, which is different than the usual definition and will strike many as strange, but accepting his definition is key to understanding and agreeing with the value of freedom in society. For example, we may want growth to get development, but development can also be defined as extended life expectancy (the freedom to enjoy more years alive) or less hunger (the freedom to avoid hunger).I highly recommend Development as Freedom to anyone interested in development. As someone from a developing country, Sen is particularly attuned with the realities and the policies that are able to bring freedom, and hence development, to the developing world.
Sen's work helps to create a humane worldview in which we can humanely conceptualize development today. His view of an interconnected system of freedoms that are both the ends and means of development is fascinating. Development as Freedom manages to make this concept very approachable while not compromising the core values in which it hopes to instill. I would certainly recommend this book to those actively working in the field of development, as well as those who want to expand their understanding of how to address poverty and aid the oppressed. It should be noted that Sen does use a broad stroke approach that may leave the reader with questions about specific strategic interventions, but addressing these more detail oriented scenarios was not the author's intent.
Amartya Sen has been assailed as haven written a piece of liberal utopian propaganda, but he does have a valid argument that democracy does have a preventive place in human suffering noting that famines have never occurred within a democracy and states that give women the chance to earn their own livelihood are stronger than those that aren't. Sen perhaps does not devote enough time to the problems with democracy. Democracy cannot and should not be seen as a cure all that will bring wealth and prosperity to the common man. Authoritarian leaders throughout history have starved and brutalized their own people from Stalin, Hitler, Mao, and others. Economic growth may be higher in authoritarian regimes, but that's with tight state controls without the controls the economy plummets and you still have a tired mass of people who may lose jobs. Democracy may be a preferred solution, but I question how realistic such an idea is, considering that democracy requires a preparation period and a democratic willingness from the elites and populace. Without this, democratic efforts will fail. Sen does a decent job of building a case for democracy and freedom, but I question the realism of the idea.
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